The study focused on three specific public services provided at the commune level: the Commune office, primary schooling and health center services. These three local services are generally considered as having the most frequent interaction and influence on the population’s daily lives. This report will provide an overview of the research findings and highlight the nature, causes and impacts of unofficial fees on the livelihoods of households in three categories of commune: provincial, district, and rural communes. Moreover, a set of practical recommendations on how to curb unofficial fees in the three public services will also be presented.

• English